Gizi.net - KONVENSI Hak Anak (KHA) yang telah diratifikasi pemerintah Indonesia sejak tahun 1990 menyatakan sehat adalah hak anak. Sehat di sini tidak hanya dalam pengertian fisik semata, melainkan juga kesehatan mental-sosial. Kebutuhan untuk menjadi bahagia, dalam hal ini sehat mental dan sosial, juga merupakan hak anak.
Bagaimana orangtua merespon kebutuhan ini? Perlu pengetahuan dan keterampilan orangtua agar anak tumbuh dan berkembang dengan sehat dan bahagia.
Anak yang bahagia, ujar, dr Tinuk Agung Meilany dari RSAB Harapan Kita, adalah anak yang bisa bernyanyi, tertawa, bebas berekspresi, serta tumbuh wajar sesuai kebutuhan dan minatnya. Menurutnya, untuk menjadi anak yang bahagia dan merasa puas pada dirinya sendiri perlu rangsangan yang cukup. Rangsangan ini akan diterima dengan optimal bila tubuh sehat dan hal ini perlu didukung nutrisi yang cukup dan seimbang.
Anak yang sehat, antara lain ditandai dengan aktif, ceria, memiliki selera makan yang baik, serta bisa bermain dan belajar. Berat badan naik setiap bulan dan perkembangan anak sesuai dengan usianya. Tinuk menyebut, agar seorang anak mampu menerima rangsangan dengan optimal, kebutuhan nutrisi atau zat gizi anak harus sejajar dengan pertumbuhan, aktivitas fisik, ukuran badan, energi yang dikeluarkan dan fase sakit.
"Keseimbangan zat gizi yang dikandung dalam komposisi, macam, maupun jumlahnya, harus sesuai dengan kebutuhan menurut berat badan ideal," katanya.
Empat Golongan
Ada empat golongan makanan yang harus terdapat pada makanan anak sehari-hari. Keempat golongan itu adalah: makanan pokok, da ging dan telur, sayur dan buah, serta susu. Makanan pokok merupakan sumber karbohidrat, protein nabati, mineral serat, dan vitamin B. Daging dan telur mengandung protein, zat besi, vitamin A dan B. Dari sayur dan buah, kata Tinuk, diperoleh vitamin E, provitamin, serat. Sedangkan dari susu, anak akan mendapatkan berbagai zat gizi, antara lain kalsium, fosfor, vitamin A, B, dan D.
Selain keempat golongan makanan itu, anak juga memerlukan makanan tambahan yang kaya gizi. Menurut Tinuk, orangtua hendaknya mengatur jadwal makan anak. Artinya, orangtua jangan menunggu anaknya meminta makan. Namun tidak mudah membuat anak patuh terhadap jadwal makan yang sudah ditetapkan. Untuk mengatasi hal ini, perlu diciptakan suasana makan yang menyenangkan. Agar suasana menyenangkan, dari sisi fisik yang perlu diperhatikan adalah jadwal makan teratur, serta makanan tambahan diberikan dua jam sebelum atau sesudah makan. Peralatan makan seperti sendok dan gelas disesuaikan dengan anak. Demikian juga dengan meja dan kursi makan.
Di samping itu, emosi sosial pun perlu diperhatikan, seperti menu baru agar anak tidak merasa bosan, tidak mendikte atau memarahi anak, serta menu berbeda setiap hari. Tak kalah penting adalah orangtua mengajak dan mendampingi anak di meja makan.
Zat Gizi
Dijelaskan, beberapa zat gizi berperan dalam kerja otak, seperti asam aspartat yang terdapat pada kacang, kentang, telur, gandum. Kolin yang terdapat pada telur, hati, kedelai. Asam glutamat terdapat pada terigu dan kentang. Fenilalanin terdapat pada kedelai, almond, telur dan daging. Triptofan terdapat pada telur, daging, susu skim, pisang, susu, keju, serta, zat gizi tirosin yang banyak terdapat pada susu, daging, ikan, dan kacang-kacangan.
"Otak memerlukan glukosa, asam amino, lemak, vitamin dan mineral, yang diperoleh dari makanan. Bila kekurangan atau kelebihan akan berdampak pada sistem saraf," kata Tinuk.
Dicontohkan, asam lemak esensial (omega oil) mempengaruhi fungsi otak berupa perilaku dan mood, kognitif, pergerakan, dan sensasi pada anak. Kekurangan asam lemak omega 3 menimbulkan masalah penglihatan, belajar, motivasi, serta motorik. Kekurangan omega 6 berdampak pada produksi neurotransmiter dan kemampuan sel saraf menggunakan glukosa. Sedangkan kekurangan zat besi menimbulkan gangguan pada selaput otak yang menyebabkan pendengaran terganggu, bicara terlambat, perilaku anak berubah dan penglihatan terganggu. Tinuk menegaskan, kecukupan gizi hendaknya dimulai dari masa kehamilan (janin).
Keterampilan
Agar anak sehat dan bahagia, gizi yang seimbang perlu didukung keterampilan orangtua menciptakan suasana supaya mental si anak pun sehat. Menurut psikolog Agustina Hendriati Psi MSc, ada lima keterampilan yang harus dimiliki orangtua agar hal itu tercapai. Pertama, orangtua mengenali ciri anak yang sehat dan bahagia. Kedua, orangtua mendorong anak mengekspresikan diri secara verbal. Ketiga, orangtua memberi kesempatan anak memilih, sambil mengajarkan anak membuat pilihan yang terbaik baginya.
Keempat, orangtua menyampaikan dan menerapkan batasan perilaku. Kelima, orangtua berjaga dan bekerja saat anak berperilaku positif.
Dikatakan, orangtua di kawasan Asia cenderung santai ketika anaknya "baik-baik" saja. Padahal, ketika itulah seharusnya orangtua harus bekerja, yakni menunjukkan penghargaan tulus dan mendorong agar si anak terus mempertahankan perilaku tersebut.
"Pada dasarnya semua orang ingin dihargai. Oleh karena itu mengembangkan anak yang sehat dan bahagia akan lebih mudah dilakukan dengan fokus pada perilaku positifnya," kata Agustina.
Lebih jauh dikatakan, orangtua hendaknya menunjukkan atau menyampaikan harapannya yang realistis terhadap perilaku anak. Tidak hanya itu, orangtua juga harus menerapkan batasan perilaku mana yang dapat diterima dan yang tidak. Semakin dini orangtua memberlakukan hal ini dan konsisten, semakin mudah terlihat hasilnya.
Globalisasi berdampak pada perkembangan anak dan hubungan antara orangtua dan anak. Ada banyak rangsangan di dalam dan luar rumah yang diterima anak, misalnya, melalui televisi, radio, media cetak dan internet. Oleh karena itu, ujarnya, sangat baik jika sejak anak masih kecil, orangtua terbiasa menunjukkan adanya pilihan dan menjelaskan alasan dibalik keputusan yang dibuat orangtua.
Agustina menambahkan, orangtua juga perlu mendorong anak berekspresi secara verbal (berbicara), sekalipun anak bisa bereskpresi secara nonverbal, seperti menangis atau menunjuk. Orangtua yang terlalu sering mengatakan jangan atau tidak, akan menghambat ekspresi anak. (N-4)
Sumber: http://www.suarapembaruan.com/
Thursday, April 3, 2008
Wednesday, April 2, 2008
Feeding Broiler Breeder Males. 4. Deficient Feed Allocation Reduces Fertility and Broiler Progeny Body Weight
,1 Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of male broiler breeder feed intake on broiler progeny performance. In experiment 1, a low cumulative nutrition program supplied 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP, whereas a high cumulative nutrition program supplied 33,500 kcal of ME and 1,730 g of CP to photostimulation at 21 wk of age. Two diets (HiDiet and LoDiet) were formulated, and a single feeding program was used to achieve the selected nutrient intakes. The HiDiet group of males in experiment 1 achieved greater BW and exhibited lower fertility when fed as the LoDiet males from the onset of egg production. The HiDiet breeder males subsequently produced male broilers from eggs laid at 29 wk of age that exhibited lower BW at 42 d. This was due to the heaviest 50% of the breeder males in this treatment not gaining BW consistently due to less-than-adequate ME intake relative to their greater BW requirements. Two feeding programs during the production period (constant or increasing) were compared in experiment 2. Broilers were hatched from eggs laid at 32 and 48 wk of age to evaluate the vertical effect of male treatments on progeny performance. No difference in fertility or broiler performance was found at 32 wk. However, the constant feeding program produced lower fertility from 36 to 55 wk of age, and this resulted in a lower male and female broiler progeny BW at 42 d of age from eggs collected at 48 wk of age. Adequate breeder male feed allocation during the production period improved fertility and favorably affected broiler progeny performance in both experiments. However, broiler progeny effects were observed only when there were differences in fertility, which suggests that the males with the greatest genetic potential were not mating at these times.
adapted Poultry Science Association
adapted Poultry Science Association
Male broiler breeder fowl display high levels of aggression toward females
Occurrence of giant myofibres according to muscle type, pre- or post-rigor state and genetic background in turkeys
H. Remignon, J. Zanusso, Gaëlle Albert and R. Babilé
Forty-five male turkeys were bred to 15 weeks of age. At this age, the birds weighed 4, 6 and 8 kg depending on their genetic origin. At 3 min and 24 h post mortem samples from the pectoralis major (PM) and iliotibialis lateralis (ITL) muscles were excised for biochemical and histochemical measurements. At 3 min post mortem, except in the size of the myofibres, no differences in types, shapes or luminance due to glycogen was seen between the three lines in the respective muscles. Birds from the fast growing line had bigger muscle fibres than the two other lines, but the muscles did not present more glycolytic or oxidative enzyme activities. No muscle abnormalities were noticed at this stage. At 24 h post mortem, the presence of giant fibres (GF) was seen which differed proportions according to muscle and in genetic background. The GF were found both in the fast (PM) or mixed type (ITL) muscles. In this latter muscle they were more prevalent in the slow contracting muscle fibres than the other fiber types. It was concluded that the occurrence of the GF is independent of the genetic background of the birds or the type of muscle, but is dependent on the biochemical events occurring during rigor mortis.
Occurrence of giant myofibres according to muscle type, pre- or post-rigor state and genetic background in turkeys
H. Remignon, J. Zanusso, Gaëlle Albert and R. Babilé
Forty-five male turkeys were bred to 15 weeks of age. At this age, the birds weighed 4, 6 and 8 kg depending on their genetic origin. At 3 min and 24 h post mortem samples from the pectoralis major (PM) and iliotibialis lateralis (ITL) muscles were excised for biochemical and histochemical measurements. At 3 min post mortem, except in the size of the myofibres, no differences in types, shapes or luminance due to glycogen was seen between the three lines in the respective muscles. Birds from the fast growing line had bigger muscle fibres than the two other lines, but the muscles did not present more glycolytic or oxidative enzyme activities. No muscle abnormalities were noticed at this stage. At 24 h post mortem, the presence of giant fibres (GF) was seen which differed proportions according to muscle and in genetic background. The GF were found both in the fast (PM) or mixed type (ITL) muscles. In this latter muscle they were more prevalent in the slow contracting muscle fibres than the other fiber types. It was concluded that the occurrence of the GF is independent of the genetic background of the birds or the type of muscle, but is dependent on the biochemical events occurring during rigor mortis.
What is sugar?
The white stuff we know as sugar is sucrose, a molecule composed of 12 atoms of carbon, 22 atoms of hydrogen, and 11 atoms of oxygen (C12H22O11). Like all compounds made from these three elements, sugar is a carbohydrate. It’s found naturally in most plants, but especially in sugarcane and sugar beets—hence their names.
Sucrose is actually two simpler sugars stuck together: fructose and glucose. In recipes, a little bit of acid (for example, some lemon juice or cream of tartar) will cause sucrose to break down into these two components.
If you look closely at dry sugar, you’ll notice it comes in little cubelike shapes. These are sugar crystals, orderly arrangements of sucrose molecules.
Buying Meat in Quantity
How much meat you should buy at any one time depends, of course, on your food budget, the amount of storage space in your refrigerator or freezer, and how much your household will consume.
There are two ways to buy meat in quantity. You can purchase multiple retail packages of meats, or you can purchase carcasses, sides, or wholesale cuts of meat.
In determining whether or not you can save money by buying carcasses or wholesale cuts of meat over what it would cost to buy retail cuts, you will have to take into account several factors: the yield of meat you will get from the carcass or wholesale cut; the quality of the meat; and the costs of cutting, wrapping, and quick-freezing. When buying bulk meat, you should find out whether these costs are included in the price per pound, or if you'll have to pay additional for these services.
If you're thinking of buying a pork carcass or side, you'll want to get it from an establishment that is equipped to cure the bacon, hams, and other cuts that you may not want to use fresh. If you cannot obtain this service, you would probably find it better to buy retail cuts or the wholesale cuts such as shoulders, loins, and hams.
Using USDA Yield Grades: The yield of usable meat from a carcass or wholesale cut can vary greatly - regardless of the grade. This variation is caused, primarily, by differences in the amount of fat on the outside of the carcass. USDA has grades to measure this yield. Yield Grade 1 denotes the highest ratio of lean to fat, and Yield Grade 5 the lowest yield ratio.
Cutting, Wrapping, and Freezing: For large meat purchases, it is usually best to get the freezing done by an establishment properly equipped to do the job. Quick freezing causes less damage to the meat fibers. Slower freezing causes more of the cells to rupture, due to formation of large ice crystals, so that more meat juices are lost when the meat is thawed.
Proper wrapping of meat for the freezer is as important as proper storage. Use a moisture-vapor-proof wrap such as heavy aluminum foil, heavily waxed freezer paper, etc. Wrap the meat closely, eliminating all air if possible. Double thicknesses of waxed paper should be placed between chops and steaks to prevent their sticking together. Seal the packages well and mark them with the date. The rule in using frozen meat should be "first in, first out."
Improperly wrapped packages will allow air to enter and draw moisture from the meat, resulting in "freezer burn" or meat which is dry and less flavorful.
adapted from http://www.ams.usda.gov
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